| Name |
Use of Captured Hashes (Pass The Hash) |
|
| Likelyhood of attack |
Typical severity |
| Medium |
High |
|
| Summary |
An adversary obtains (i.e. steals or purchases) legitimate Windows domain credential hash values to access systems within the domain that leverage the Lan Man (LM) and/or NT Lan Man (NTLM) authentication protocols. |
| Prerequisites |
The system/application is connected to the Windows domain. The system/application leverages the Lan Man (LM) and/or NT Lan Man (NTLM) authentication protocols. The adversary possesses known Windows credential hash value pairs that exist on the target domain. |
| Execution Flow |
| Step |
Phase |
Description |
Techniques |
| 1 |
Explore |
[Acquire known Windows credential hash value pairs] The adversary must obtain known Windows credential hash value pairs of accounts that exist on the domain. |
- An adversary purchases breached Windows credential hash value pairs from the dark web.
- An adversary conducts a sniffing attack to steal Windows credential hash value pairs as they are transmitted.
- An adversary gains access to a Windows domain system/files and exfiltrates Windows credential hash value pairs.
- An adversary examines outward-facing configuration and properties files to discover hardcoded Windows credential hash value pairs.
|
| 2 |
Experiment |
[Attempt domain authentication] Try each Windows credential hash value pair until the target grants access. |
- Manually or automatically enter each Windows credential hash value pair through the target's interface.
|
| 3 |
Exploit |
[Impersonate] An adversary can use successful experiments or authentications to impersonate an authorized user or system, or to laterally move within the domain |
|
| 4 |
Exploit |
[Spoofing] Malicious data can be injected into the target system or into other systems on the domain. The adversary can also pose as a legitimate domain user to perform social engineering attacks. |
|
| 5 |
Exploit |
[Data Exfiltration] The adversary can obtain sensitive data contained within domain systems or applications. |
|
|
| Solutions | Prevent the use of Lan Man and NT Lan Man authentication on severs and apply patch KB2871997 to Windows 7 and higher systems. Leverage multi-factor authentication for all authentication services and prior to granting an entity access to the domain network. Monitor system and domain logs for abnormal credential access. Create a strong password policy and ensure that your system enforces this policy. Leverage system penetration testing and other defense in depth methods to determine vulnerable systems within a domain. |
| Related Weaknesses |
|
CWE ID
|
Description
|
| CWE-294 |
Authentication Bypass by Capture-replay |
| CWE-308 |
Use of Single-factor Authentication |
| CWE-308 |
Use of Single-factor Authentication |
| CWE-522 |
Insufficiently Protected Credentials |
| CWE-836 |
Use of Password Hash Instead of Password for Authentication |
|
| Related CAPECS |
|
CAPEC ID
|
Description
|
| CAPEC-151 |
Identity Spoofing refers to the action of assuming (i.e., taking on) the identity of some other entity (human or non-human) and then using that identity to accomplish a goal. An adversary may craft messages that appear to come from a different principle or use stolen / spoofed authentication credentials. |
| CAPEC-165 |
An attacker modifies file contents or attributes (such as extensions or names) of files in a manner to cause incorrect processing by an application. Attackers use this class of attacks to cause applications to enter unstable states, overwrite or expose sensitive information, and even execute arbitrary code with the application's privileges. This class of attacks differs from attacks on configuration information (even if file-based) in that file manipulation causes the file processing to result in non-standard behaviors, such as buffer overflows or use of the incorrect interpreter. Configuration attacks rely on the application interpreting files correctly in order to insert harmful configuration information. Likewise, resource location attacks rely on controlling an application's ability to locate files, whereas File Manipulation attacks do not require the application to look in a non-default location, although the two classes of attacks are often combined. |
| CAPEC-545 |
An adversary who is authorized or has the ability to search known system resources, does so with the intention of gathering useful information. System resources include files, memory, and other aspects of the target system. In this pattern of attack, the adversary does not necessarily know what they are going to find when they start pulling data. This is different than CAPEC-150 where the adversary knows what they are looking for due to the common location. |
| CAPEC-549 |
An adversary installs and executes malicious code on the target system in an effort to achieve a negative technical impact. Examples include rootkits, ransomware, spyware, adware, and others. |
| CAPEC-653 |
An adversary guesses or obtains (i.e. steals or purchases) legitimate operating system credentials (e.g. userID/password) to achieve authentication and to perform authorized actions on the system, under the guise of an authenticated user or service. This applies to any Operating System. |
|
| Taxonomy: ATTACK |
|
Entry ID
|
Entry Name
|
| 1550.002 |
Use Alternate Authentication Material:Pass The Hash |
|